Social
Political
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment
Cultural
Economic
- Many Native Americans and Mesticos( people of mixed European and Native American Blood), systems of estate management developed that demanded large amounts of labor.
- The new Americans were able to marry earlier, and had larger families. They were also more child-centered than Europeans. Both America and Europe developed new family affection.
- The Printing Press in Europe created more literacy and made books more accessible to people. Allowing Renaissance writers to Publish their works.
- The Love between a husband and wife increased. The Religious change lead to a greater concentration of family life.
- Those who passed the imperial examinations were eligible for the highest posts in the realm and were the most revered of all Chinese, except for members of the Royal Family
- The nobility concerned about potential social competition from both bureaucrats and business prevented the emergence of a substantial merchant class. The bulk of the population was composed mainly of serfs.
- Americans altered Spaniard ideas: marriages with indigenous women (Indian nobility) were known and mixed marriages were common. They increased the population of mixed people.
Political
- Political change from 1600-1750 was complicated, even as religious strife gradually calmed. A tradition of strong monarchy developed in France and elsewhere, greatly adding to the functions of the central government. But in Britain and Holland, a different emphasis emerged, providing a strong parliament.
- Political Empires: Michael restored eternal order, driving out foreign invasions and recomending imperial order, much like Ivan 3rd
- New political currents took shape along with the rise of science, and at times the two trends connected. The feudal monarchy-balance between nobles and kings- that had defined Western Europe politics since the late postclassical period finally came undone in the 17th century
- In New Granada, popular complaints against the government's control of tobacco and liquor consumption, and rising of prices as well as new taxes, led to the widespread Comunero Revolt in 1781
- Military leaders played a dominant role in the Ottoman State, and the economy of the empire was geared to warfare and expansion.
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment
- By the 16th century firearms had become a decisive item in armed conflicts.
- The Ottoman technology of muskets contributed later to the European Pushing.
- Discovery of mercury at Huancavewed in Peru aided American silver production.
- Between 1492 and 1890 between ten and fifteen million Africans and over five million Europeans crossed the Atlantic to the Americas in great migratory movement.
- The export of so many millions, particularly men impacted family life and in many of the areas from which the slaves were taken there tended to be majority female population.
Cultural
- Franciscan and Dominican missionaries were willing to minister to the poor, low-caste untouchables and converted thousands of people throughout Asia to Catholicism.
- Architectural advancements were made in Ming China such as palaces and bridges.
- Where as Ming painters focused on developing techniques and genres, major innovation was also occurring in the sphere of literature.
- The Safavid dynasty originated from Sufi mystics and religious preachers.
- Under the rule of the Ming Dynasty, the classic Confucian-based examination system was re-instated.
Economic
- Spanish and Italian merchants began to import African slaves to work on sugar, cotton, and tobacco plantations.
- Spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods in classes below the elites lead to the birth of mass consumerism in Western Society.
- Proto-globalization started to occur creating a more global economy with large amounts of international trade.
- A sign of economic change was the growing use of paid professional entertainment as part of popular leisure.
- During the reign of Ivan IV, British merchants established trading contacts with Russia, selling manufactured products in exchange for furs and other raw materials.
- One if the Church generated income was to sell indulgences (pieces of paper that faithful people could buy to shorten the length of time they spend in purgatory)
- In the 16th century the West was economically redefined due to the new goods available to trade, involvement of markets and merchant, and also developments of shoes, pottery, and metals; which became the clearest impact of the new world in West Europe.
- Parts of Sub-Sahara Africa entered the new world economy mainly as supplies of slaves.
- Spain and Portugal have gone to the Americas thus changing their economy with gold, silver, new crops, and other goods.
- Large estates and grants of American Indian laborers provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance.
- In the Spanish part of the New World, haciendas were established in which Natives owed labor to their landlords.
- Christopher Columbus wanted to find a shorter trade route to India and accidentally found the Americas. Which established new trade routes.
- One way Akbar appealed to his people to gain support was to eliminate the Jizya, which was the head tax on Hindu people, which was a cause for great anger among them previously. (
- The Dutch East India Company dominated trade in the southwest specifically in Indonesia.
- Commercial Market stimulated manufacturing. Industrial jobs spend up in the middle class, although peasants continued to provide for themselves.