unit iI:Lesson Concepts:
2.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
2.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production 2.3 State consolidation and Imperial Expansion Unit Learning Goals:
Analyze the dramatic changes and transitions in Western and Southern Europe through the Scientific Revolution and Renaissance Examine how the Reformation and Counter-Reformation became a socio-political and economic force in Europe and around the world Evaluate the role of the Portuguese in situations of encounter and exchange in Africa and Asia: Portuguese in Morocco, and in Indian Ocean trade networks Compare England, France, Spain, and Portugal’s attempts at colonizing the America Analyze how trade made Ming China very prosperous Evaluate the effect of European trade with China and the rest of Asia Compare the development of labor systems —The Africanization of the Americas (slave trade, plantation economies, resistance to slavery); Russian Empire and resistance to serfdom Examine the expansion of the global economy & absolutism through the Ottoman Empire, Safavid, Mughal, Bourbons, Tokugawa, and Romanov Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on demography in West Africa, resistance to the Atlantic slave trade, and expansion of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa Examine the flowering of African culture with The Asante, Oyo, and Benin cultural traditions Analyze how mercantilism shaped the new colonies in the Americas
|
Theme 1: Overseas exploration, most notably the Columbian Exchange will change EVERYTHING! People and goods will move across the globe like we have yet to see (although unit 1 does have lots of movement of people but that happened over hundreds of thousands of years ago). With this new interaction of Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New (the Americas) disease will have a very adverse effect on the Native Americans. We'll also see large scale deforestation to make way for plantations and larger farms. In spite of the devastating effects of smallpox and other diseases in the Americas, the world population will double from 1400-1800.
Theme 2: One of the factors that brought people to the Americas (and Africa toward the end of the Early Modern era) was missionary goals hoping to spread Christianity. The Catholic Church will go through yet another major split with the Reformation. The church is further weakened with the rise of Protestantism and several break off forms of Christianity. Islam will continue to spread in Africa and southeast Asia. Arts and education will continue to flourish with the Renaissance's influence. Theme 3: We see the rise of the nation-states and monarchies, especially in Europe. This era will be dominated by the 4 Maritime Empires (Portugal, Spain, England, & France) while Asia will be influenced by the Land/Gunpowder Empires (China, Mughals, Ottomans, Russia, & the Safavids). Colonization will begin in this era by these maritime empires to help bring resources and wealth back to these relatively small nations. Theme 4: Trade continues to be prevalent, but colonization will change how it is done, as it is more of a taking than sharing of goods. Mercantilism begins where colonial powers will dictate the trade from their colonies. The Columbian exchange will completely change the items that are sold and traded as it opens the Western Hemisphere to many new products. It will also lead to the slave trade becoming an overseas venture. The trans-Atlantic/Triangle Trade will become a notable (and awful) part of history that will have large economic and social ramifications from now until modern day. Theme 5: Slavery changes from being a local institution (lower class usually made up of conquered peoples/foreigners) to an international one. Slaves from Africa will now be captured, sold, and brought to the Americas to work on large plantations to fund the export/import companies of the major maritime powers. The slave trade will last throughout this unit and won't begin to be outlawed until the 19th century. Women are still subordinate, and merchants and artisans (through the Renaissance and exploration) will continue to see their social status and wealth improve. unit iI spice chart
Areas of Focus
Unit II introduction
Yet the themes of the movement—reason, harmony, and humanism—were totally at odds with what was going on in Europe at the time. Even more strangely, the Renaissance arguably resulted from one of the worst disasters in human history: the Black Death.
In northern Europe, the Hundred Years’ War and endless struggles between kings and powerful nobles convinced the kings that it was time to subdue the nobles once and for all. Chipping away at the nobles’ territory and power, the English and French kings created something entirely new: nation states, whose citizens were bonded to each other by shared identities and history, instead of by loyalty to noble lords.
|
Other European kingdoms were sharpening their claws in preparation for a devastating period of global expansion. The first wave of exploration, colonization, and genocide was led by Spain, a new hyper-Catholic nation created by Ferdinand and Isabella from the ashes of a Muslim empire. They not only helped Europe map out the globe, but also destroyed the largest and most powerful empires in the history of the Americas, the Aztecs in Mexico and the Inca in Peru (with a little help from those empires’ respective rivals).
Meanwhile, in 1376, angry Chinese peasants, led by a charismatic commoner named Zhu Yuanzhang, threw out the last Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. The native Ming Dynasty he established was one of the most powerful in Chinese history.
But it wasn’t all bad news for the Mongols. They had one last hurrah, in India, well after the Chinese chucked them out. Unlike their cousins who conquered China, the Moghuls (a corruption of Mongol) of eastern Persia kept their nomadic ways, thus remaining effective warriors. In 1527 they left Afghanistan to conquer the broad fertile floodplains of Pakistan and India.
But it wasn’t all bad news for the Mongols. They had one last hurrah, in India, well after the Chinese chucked them out. Unlike their cousins who conquered China, the Moghuls (a corruption of Mongol) of eastern Persia kept their nomadic ways, thus remaining effective warriors. In 1527 they left Afghanistan to conquer the broad fertile floodplains of Pakistan and India.
Nearby, another set of nomadic horsemen from Central Asia—the Ottoman Turks—established a very powerful empire encompassing most of the Mediterranean Basin and Eastern Europe. The Muslim Ottomans had the kings of Western Europe shaking in their ermine-lined boots for a good two centuries. Their arrival also doomed the wealthy medieval trading republic of Venice, in northern Italy, which lost control of Mediterranean trade routes.
As Venice declined, other Italian city-states launched an intellectual, economic, and cultural revolution—the whole Renaissance thing. The ideas and cultural creations of the Italians were so compelling they soon spread across Europe, making the Renaissance a continent-wide affair. Europe was awakening from its long medieval slumber, and the world would never be the same.
As Venice declined, other Italian city-states launched an intellectual, economic, and cultural revolution—the whole Renaissance thing. The ideas and cultural creations of the Italians were so compelling they soon spread across Europe, making the Renaissance a continent-wide affair. Europe was awakening from its long medieval slumber, and the world would never be the same.
In the two centuries following the Protestant Reformation, Europeans inflicted incredible violence on themselves and the rest of the world, all in the name of God. (Good old-fashioned greed was actually behind most of it.) In Europe, the king of Spain, Philip II, was determined to seize control of the British Isles, destroy Protestantism, and force the English to embrace the Catholic Church again. He built a huge fleet, the Spanish Armada, but the English teamed up to defeat the Armada and save England.
Although the English beat Philip, fifty years later they were torn apart by an internal religious conflict between different groups of Protestants, which led to civil war and the execution of the English king, Charles I—an act that horrified Europe in an age of “absolute monarchs.” Meanwhile, the dissatisfaction of one group of Protestant radicals called Puritans led them to leave England and settle in the New World.
Back on “the Continent,” the early seventeenth century saw Germany torn apart by a bloody conflict between Catholics and Protestants—the Thirty Years’ War. And a half century after Philip’s Armada bit the big one, Louis XIV, the “Sun King” of France, dreamed up a similarly ambitious plan: basically, conquering Europe. Like Philip, Louis said he was protecting Catholicism. (Yet somehow this involved trying to conquer Catholic countries, too.)
To the east, the heirs of Ivan III of Moscow embarked on a series of conquests that created one of the largest empires in history. Styling themselves successors to the Roman emperors (czars and czarinas, from Caesar), they came to rule an empire that stretched from Poland to Alaska—an astonishing distance of 4,600 miles, encompassing 14 time zones and 130 million people.
The year 1644 also saw the overthrow of China’s Ming Dynasty. The new rulers, Manchu barbarians from the forests of northern China, weren’t quite as brutal as the Mongols, so their new dynasty, the “Q’ing,” managed to control China. During the Q’ing Dynasty, China ruled more territory than at any other time in history—but soon discovered it had fallen far behind Europe in technology and governance. Indeed, Europe was on the move in every arena, usually as violently as possible. The outlook for the non-European parts of the world was looking grim.
To the east, the heirs of Ivan III of Moscow embarked on a series of conquests that created one of the largest empires in history. Styling themselves successors to the Roman emperors (czars and czarinas, from Caesar), they came to rule an empire that stretched from Poland to Alaska—an astonishing distance of 4,600 miles, encompassing 14 time zones and 130 million people.
The year 1644 also saw the overthrow of China’s Ming Dynasty. The new rulers, Manchu barbarians from the forests of northern China, weren’t quite as brutal as the Mongols, so their new dynasty, the “Q’ing,” managed to control China. During the Q’ing Dynasty, China ruled more territory than at any other time in history—but soon discovered it had fallen far behind Europe in technology and governance. Indeed, Europe was on the move in every arena, usually as violently as possible. The outlook for the non-European parts of the world was looking grim.
people to know in unit II
chronological timeline
|
by the numbers
|