Social
Political
Interaction Between Humans/Environment
Cultural
Economic
- Chinese merchants become wealthy from over-sea-trades leading them to be a new class called compradors. They were specialized in import\export trade, on China's south coast. These merchants were one of the major links between China and the outside world.
- Social groups called Boxers were established to drive the Europeans out of China. However their revolutions did not work.
- The Manchu attempted to alleviate rural distress and unrest through decreasing tax and labor burdens; repairing roads, dikes, irrigation systems and limiting land accumulated by the Elite.
Political
- European colonial order was made up of so called tropical dependencies in Africa, Asia and the South Pacific.
- The British asked Indian Locals to join their growing armies( British Raj.) The natives preferred fighting for the British.( better pay, better weapons, better uniforms.)
- The Holy Alliance. The conservative monarchies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria combined in defense of Religion and the established order.
- The Russo-Japanese war broke out in 1904 as increasingly powerful Japan became worried about Russia extending into N. China & Korea.
- Political power was effectively centralized & the Meiji Rulers began to expand the power of the state to effect economic and social change.
- In 1853 Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay. This event put pressure on Japan to transform its ideas on isolation, and Japan moved toward Western ideals.
- Russia created the Duma party that was a legislative , but did not gain much power until 1917, after the advocacy of tsars.
- The Crimean War showed how European nation states were scared of Russian powers and had to work together to defeat it.
- The Manchus(Qing) was sapped power by the "barbarians", who were actually sophisticated Europeans.
- Taiping Rebellion led to problems and defeats against the Qing Dynasty.
- A cause for political change in Latin America was the Napoleonic wars in Europe with Spain and Portugal being invaded by France.
- Ultimately Britain established colonies in South Africa, New Zealand & Hawaii. These were also known as tropical dependencies.
Interaction Between Humans/Environment
- The trans-Siberian railroad passed through northern Europe and European Russia, connecting it to the pacific.
- With the invention of the steam engine, interactions between humans increased because of more efficient travel.
- The Japanese and Russians took part in the Russo- Japanese war which focused on gaining Chinese property.
- Egyptian efforts to conquer and rule the Sudan, in the 1820's were resisted fiercely.
- State built railroads spread across the country and the islands were connected by rapid streamers.
- The population revolution was partly the result of better border policing by the efficient nation-state governments, which reduced the movement of disease bearing animals.
- By the later 19th century, Russia extended its influence in eastern Asia, seizing new territories in northern china and claiming a role elsewhere in china and Korea alike. This set the collision with Japan.
Cultural
- After World War 2, western culture began to move beyond the "modern"period into a newer "postmodern" era
- Alexander 1 used religion to form the Holy Alliance at the congress of Vienna with Prussia and Austria
- Most Arabs resented Turkish domination, they could identify with the ottomans as fellow Muslims who were both ardent defenders of the faith and patrons of Islamic culture
- Dutch studies-group of Japanese scholars interested in implication of western science and technology urged freer exchange with west.
- late 18 century china gave way to official corruption severe economic dislocations ans social unrest which eventually led to the boxer rebellion
- in 1859 Charles Darwin published a book that argued that all living species adapted in a struggle for survival. Darwin's ideals angered the christian church
- weapons were more widely used as seen during the revolution of 1848 in Berlin
- anarchism-belief against abolish all government-comes to span by assassinate tsars
- Cultural industrialization brought better wages and the reduction of work hours gave ordinary people new opportunities.
- With the phase of colonization process, Europeans overseas were willing to adapt their lifestyle to the climates and cultures of the lands they had gone out to rule.
Economic
- Significant Russian reforms were needed to allow sufficient economic adjustments for Russia to keep pace militarily with the West.
- Economic interest in Egyptian resources such as cotton led to European economic involvement in the region.
- In Spanish colonies such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil the economy was primarily based on slavery.
- Open ports and foreign goods benefited port cities that controlled custom houses and large land owners whose hides, sugars, and other products were exported.